Free Essays on The Fall Of Civilization, Roman

The fall of Civilization, Roman One of the most important reasons for the fall of Rome was the economy. There were many economic problems in Rome. I’ll first start with the prisoners of war or the lack there of. When Emperor Hadrian drew the boundaries and said Rome could grow no more in 121 AD, the empire lost one of the three largest sources of income, prisoners of war. Another major source of income was trade. Rome acted like the middleman in trade between the provinces. The provinces were told what to produce, and they produced it, sold it to Rome, who would then sell it to the other provinces for a higher price. But when the provinces became more and more independent, they cut out the middleman all together. So in that action the provinces were taking one of Rome’s largest sources of income. The third economic source for Rome was taxes. As the two other sources of income began to disappear, the Rome government raised the taxes for the people of Rome. The taxes skyrocketed and the plebeians, Rome ’s everyday average poor people who made up almost all of Rome, started to revolt. The next reason for the decline of Rome was that the people neighboring Rome like Germany and Persia grew increasingly hostile toward the Romans. They despised them for their earlier patriotism and for the fact that while Rome was growing, they kept taking their land. These neighbors became more sophisticated as they grew out of barbarism. Soon these people became Rome’s enemies. Another reason for Rome’s decline was the decay of the upper class or the patricians. I don’t know for sure what happed to them. It was probably numerous things including lead poising from the lead pipes, inbreeding, and them only looking for there own pleasure and not the good of the empire. They were the leaders of the country and with them only caring about themselves and not looking toward making Rome a better place they played a large role in the decline of Ro... Free Essays on The Fall Of Civilization, Roman Free Essays on The Fall Of Civilization, Roman The fall of Civilization, Roman One of the most important reasons for the fall of Rome was the economy. There were many economic problems in Rome. I’ll first start with the prisoners of war or the lack there of. When Emperor Hadrian drew the boundaries and said Rome could grow no more in 121 AD, the empire lost one of the three largest sources of income, prisoners of war. Another major source of income was trade. Rome acted like the middleman in trade between the provinces. The provinces were told what to produce, and they produced it, sold it to Rome, who would then sell it to the other provinces for a higher price. But when the provinces became more and more independent, they cut out the middleman all together. So in that action the provinces were taking one of Rome’s largest sources of income. The third economic source for Rome was taxes. As the two other sources of income began to disappear, the Rome government raised the taxes for the people of Rome. The taxes skyrocketed and the plebeians, Rome ’s everyday average poor people who made up almost all of Rome, started to revolt. The next reason for the decline of Rome was that the people neighboring Rome like Germany and Persia grew increasingly hostile toward the Romans. They despised them for their earlier patriotism and for the fact that while Rome was growing, they kept taking their land. These neighbors became more sophisticated as they grew out of barbarism. Soon these people became Rome’s enemies. Another reason for Rome’s decline was the decay of the upper class or the patricians. I don’t know for sure what happed to them. It was probably numerous things including lead poising from the lead pipes, inbreeding, and them only looking for there own pleasure and not the good of the empire. They were the leaders of the country and with them only caring about themselves and not looking toward making Rome a better place they played a large role in the decline of Ro...

Types and Examples of DNA Mutations

Types and Examples of DNA Mutations DNA mutations happen when there are changes in the nucleotide sequence that makes up the strand of DNA. This can be caused by random mistakes in DNA replication or even an environmental influence like UV rays or chemicals. The changes at the nucleotide level then influence the transcription and translation from gene to protein expression. Changing even just one nitrogen base in a sequence can change the amino acid that is expressed by that DNA codon which can lead to a completely different protein being expressed. These mutations range from being non-harmful all the way up to causing death. Point Mutations ALFRED PASIEKA/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/Getty Images A point mutation is usually the least harmful of the types of DNA mutations. It is the change of a single nitrogen base in a DNA sequence. Depending on the placement of that nitrogen base in the codon, it can cause no effect to the protein. Codons are a sequence of three nitrogen bases in a row that is read by messenger RNA during transcription and then that messenger RNA codon is translated into an amino acid that goes on to make a protein that will be expressed by the organism. Since there are only 20 amino acids and a total of 64 possible combinations of codons, some amino acids are coded for by more than one codon. Often, if the third nitrogen base in the codon is changed, it will not change the amino acid. This is called the wobble effect. If the point mutation occurs in the third nitrogen base in a codon, then it causes no effect on the amino acid or subsequent protein and the mutation does not change the organism. At most, a point mutation will cause a single amino acid in a protein to change. While this usually is not a deadly mutation, it can cause issues with that proteins folding pattern and the tertiary and quaternary structures of the protein. One example of a point mutation is sickle cell anemia. A point mutation caused a single nitrogen base in a codon for one amino acid in the protein called glutamic acid to instead code for the amino acid valine. This single small change causes a normally round red blood cell to instead be sickle-shaped. Frame Shift Mutations Frameshift mutations are much more serious and deadly than point mutations. Even though only one nitrogen base is affected just like in point mutations, this time the single base is either completely deleted or an extra one is inserted into the middle of a DNA sequence. This change in sequence causes the reading frame to shift, hence the name frameshift mutation. A reading frame shift changes the three letter long codon sequence for messenger RNA to transcribe and translate. Not only is that amino acid changed, all subsequent amino acids are changed. This significantly changes the protein and can cause severe problems and even possibly death. Insertions One type of frameshift mutation is called an insertion. Just as the name implies, an insertion occurs when a single nitrogen base is accidentally added in the middle of the sequence. This throws off the reading frame of the DNA and the wrong amino acid is translated. It also pushes the entire sequence down by one letter, changing all codons that come after the insertion and therefore completely altering the protein. Even though inserting a nitrogen base makes the overall sequence longer, that does not necessarily mean the amino acid chain length will increase. In fact, it could seriously shorten the amino acid chain. If the insertion causes a shift in the codons to create a stop signal, a protein may never be made. Otherwise, an incorrect protein will be made. If the protein that has been changed was essential for life, then most likely the organism will die. Deletions The other type of frameshift mutation is called a deletion. This happens when a nitrogen base is taken out of the sequence. Again, this causes the entire reading frame to change. It changes the codon and will also affect all amino acids that are coded for after the deletion. Nonsense and stop codons may also appear in the wrong places, much like an insertion. DNA Mutation Analogy Much like reading text, the DNA sequence is read by messenger RNA to produce a story or an amino acid chain that will be used to make a protein. Since each codon is 3 letters long, lets see what happens when a mutation occurs in a sentence that uses only three letter words. THE RED CAT ATE THE RAT. If there was a point mutation, the sentence would change to: THC RED CAT ATE THE RAT. The e in the word the mutated into the letter c. While the first word in the sentence is no longer the same, the rest of the words still make sense and are what they are supposed to be. If an insertion were to mutate the above sentence, then it might read: THE CRE DCA TAT ETH ERA T. The insertion of the letter c after the word the completely changes the rest of the sentence. Not only is the second word no longer readable, neither are any words after it. The entire sentence has changed into nonsense. A deletion would do something similar to the sentence: THE EDC ATA TET HER AT. In the example above, the r that should have come after the word the has been deleted. Again, it changes the entire sentence. Even though in this example, some of the subsequent words are readable, the meaning of the sentence has completely changed. This shows that even if codons are changed into something that isnt nonsense, it still completely changes the protein into something that is no longer functional.

Bullying Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Bullying - Essay Example Bullying is a leading cause of serious health problems; emotional, physical and emotional problems especially to victims. This in the long run increases the chances of depression, withdrawal due to poor relationship management and anxiety related disorders. There is a strong association between bullying and suicide cases (Hertz & Wright S2). Surprisingly, it gives way to increased substance abuse which escalates the chances of an individual committing suicide. This can be as a result of post-stress and self denial after a bullying incidence Newman et al 352). Among students, bullying has a direct link to poor performance. An exact instance is a change in reading habits due to a reduction in concentration, attention, ability to remember information and creativity. The inability to maximize on these cognitive resources is because a student lives in fear and channels a lot of efforts on strategies that can offer security against further bullying (Schafer et al, 382). The best way to stop bullying is by avoiding situations that always lead to such a negative act. This a nice adaptive behavior that a victim can use in reducing bullying instances. Learning institutions, where bullying is very rampant, administrators can come up with prevention programs that involve counseling the bullies and victims, offering correctional punishments and teaching students on how to co-relate. Bullying occurs without force but considered a negative act because of the effects it brings with it. It causes health problems that may permanently cause damage to people; it can lead to change in behavior such as substance abuse and increase chances of people committing suicide. In schools, bullying can affect performance. The best way to stop it is by avoiding it and implementation of prevention

The contemporary nature of primary school teaching Essay

The contemporary nature of primary school teaching - Essay Example Children, however, have few emotional resources with which to cope with problems. This is further explained by theories, which state that childhood experiences and development are critically important to their future life. (Goldman, 1996). Â  In addition, using the theories of human development by Sigmund Freud and Erick Erickson, they describe the early stages of life as crucial, critical and prone to dangers. In the Freud’s theory, he stated that if an individual’s needs in his early stage of life are not satisfied, then some negative results will happen in the succeeding stages and eventually, this may result to problems in the future life of the individual. Similarly, in the theory of Erickson, he identified the stages of development where he quoted that each of the stages of life of an individual has its corresponding psychosocial crisis that an individual must overcome. In the early life of the child until the end of primary grade, the important values and attitudes are shaped. These are enumerated as: trust, autonomy, initiative and industry. These attitudes are very important for a growing child. If these are not achieved by the child in his early years then what will happen to him when he reaches adult or old age. In this times when the child needs to have those values, the person on their sides are the parents and most especially, the teachers in the primary grades. It is therefore important that teachers should be knowledgeable to these conditions and characteristics of a growing child (Duka, 2003). The above-mentioned statements only show that children should be cared properly, nurtured well and most specially must be taught well. These duties are not only for the parents but more specially for the teachers, specifically, primary teachers because there are more times when these children are in the care of the teachers. The mission for primary education is to enable every child to acquire basic preparation that will make

History of 5 Bowen Road Essay Example for Free

History of 5 Bowen Road Essay Look at any old photo of pre-1950 Hong Kong and the hillsides above the city were dotted with handsome verandah type homes like this one. From the Mid-levels up to The Peak, every successful European merchant, official, compradore or trader scrambled to put up a mansion befitting their perceived status in colonial society. This home was built in 1914 by the property company, Hongkong Land Investment and Agency Company Ltd. Its Devonian name ’Iddesleigh’ (pronounced Idslee) derived from the origins of its occupant, A Mr. Â  Mowbray Stafford Northcote secretary of the Hongkong Land Investment and Agency Company, who was an honorary correspondent to the magazine ‘Devonia’ and was related to the Earl of Iddesleigh. In common with many structures which were built on Hong Kongs precipitous hillsides, the house stands on a handsome, terraced granite base. When built, the house would have had sweeping views across the harbour and its verandahs would have been open to the elements. Three-storey building built in neo-classical style, Corinthian columns, bow arch, decorated with carved eaves and rich ornate interior decoration, showing the lofty building owner socioeconomic status. The top of the building facade reflects its ornate pediment architectural style influenced by the Baroque. During the Japanese Occupation (1942-1945), this building was requisitioned as the home for the Japanese Imperial Naval commander. After liberation at the end of the Second World War, the house was occupied by the Royal Navy and it would later become the official residence of the senior RN officer in Hong Kong, the Commodore-in-Charge and has been better known as the Commodores House since 1952. In 1979, the building was handed over to the Hong Kong Government. In 1990, the building was allocated for charity Mothers Choice Baby Nursing and residential special child care centers.

The Establishment of the Electoral College Essay -- essays research pa

The Electoral College is the system established by the Founding Fathers to select the President of the United States. It is important that Americans have a fundamental knowledge of this system, and the obstacles overcame in its development. There were many obstacles faced by the Founding Fathers while constructing the government. America was comprised of 13 states that wanted to protect their individual rights and leery of a strong centralized government. The nation’s population lay across a vast area with limited communication capabilities. In addition, the Founders believed that a true gentleman should not campaign for office. â€Å"The office should seek the man, the man should not seek the office† was the saying. They challenged themselves with overcoming these and other obstacles in order to produce a system that would provide a stable and powerful executive branch of government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Constitutional Congress set out to develop a way to select the president. One idea proposed was to have Congress elect the president. Some felt that this procedure would invite political bargaining and corruption. They felt the president might feel obligated to aid Congress in passing legislation by not vetoing. Others felt this system would upset the balance of power between the executive and legislative branches of government. In spite of its drawbacks, this system was brought to a vote on four separate occasions(Peirce 39). A second idea was to have the president elected by a direct vote system. Many people did not believe in this type of system, however three very prominent figures did: James Wilson, Gouverneur Morris, and James Madison(Peirce 41). They believed that the duty of the president was to protect the people from the legislature, and that the people should be allowed to their protector. However, most of the Founders believed that the average citi zen would not have enough knowledge of the candidates to make an educated choice. They believed that the people were generally misinformed and easily misled(Peirce 41). The direct vote system also favored the larger more populated states with little regard for the people of the smaller ones. This system was voted down twice, but aided in recognizing the drawbacks of the Congress electing the president(Peirce 41). A third idea was to have the state legislatures select the president. This idea w... ...tate is allowed to cast only one vote collectively. This applies to the election of vice president also. In addition, either the presidential or the vice presidential candidate voted for by the elector has to be from outside that elector’s own state.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Electoral College has been used as the system to select the President of the United States for over two hundred years. The system was devised by the Founding Fathers to ensure that the selected president would receive the support of all the states. The system helped to maintain a strong centralized government and union. The Electoral College has been used to maintain a fair presidential selection system with little room for corruption or favoritism. It has been a part of our system of checks and balances by maintaining a clearly defined separation of the legislative and executive branches. There have been some bumps along the way, however the Electoral College is still an essential part of our elections system. Works Cited Glennon, Michael J. When No Majority Rules. Washington: Congressional Quarterly Inc, 1992. Peirce, Neal R. The People’s President. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1968.

Dysfunctional Organizations Are Like Dysfunctional Families

Quality, timing, and cost will all usually be less favorable than planned. Projects will be routinely delayed, costs will routinely be revised upward, quality will be at risk of being forgotten in the quest for profitability and timeliness, products will be at risk of many and/or severe defects, and customer satisfaction will lag behind more capable and less dysfunctional competitors. Similarly, a dysfunctional family will have parallel problems with achieving its goals.An imbalance of power is a frequent cause of dysfunction in families. Imagine: a family with several children embarks on a big project, a trip to Ocracoke Island, for xample. If one child is more demanding, needy, or otherwise exceptional, and the family has developed a dysfunctional behavior pattern centered on that child, things will be disrupted and plans will not work out. The child may have to stop at every rest stop, and take a long time getting back into the car, delaying progress on the trip.The father may kno w the ferry schedule for getting to the island, and know when the family needs to be at the dock, but he may not be able to change the child's behavior, nor the behavior of the mother who caters too much to the demanding child. Random and unanticipated delays caused by the child, who has no understanding of the constraints the father faces, make them late and they miss the ferry, incurring additional cost of a night's stay on the mainland. An imbalance of power is also a problem for large companies.I have worked for companies in which one top manager or one function, product styling, for example, can cause a nearly-perfect parallel to the dysfunctional family. The product styling group knows when they need to finish the design, but their Job is to make the product look attractive, and they have so any people involved, from multiple levels of the organization, that they can't get it done on time. Top managers come through the studio to look at the new design, but, many having been en gineers and designers in the past, they each see something they feel needs to be changed.Since they don't come through the studio until the design is supposed to be nearly complete, their suggestions set back the design process, and the design is late. The engineers who have to integrate the design with functional parts are left to play â€Å"catch-up† with their designs, involving late changes, vertime, and a huge amount of rework to recast financial fgures, get revised quotes from suppliers, re-time the plans, etc. , etc. The suppliers, too, have to change their plans and designs and renegotiate with their suppliers in turn, and are delayed as well.Packaging, marketing materials, sales and service training classes, and many other efforts are all set back. Even if top management is understanding and â€Å"lets well takes sa'. n. y management at the top, executives or parents, to limit dysfunctional behavior and keep things on track. In my five different careers I have seen this same asic pattern repeated over and over, becoming nothing more than the standard way of doing business for some organizations. The only mitigating force I know of is having really sa'. . y upper management who understand how such things happen and are willing to actively work to avoid them. A smart top manager can rein in the overzealous designers, for example, and understand the principles of diminishing returns and the need to understand when â€Å"roughly right† is good enough. Similarly, the skilled parent can understand the problems caused by favoring one child over nother, and carefully manage the behavior of the individuals in the family so that the familys overarching goals are met.Maybe it's Just my experience, but I have seen that such skill and savvy are all too rare. Ethnic or national culture can be a significant factor in instances of dysfunction. Interestingly, management sa'. n. y and parenting skill are heavily influenced by cultural factors. In Western cultures where there is a strong value placed on individuality, managers can acquire the â€Å"gunslinger† mentality, which makes them think they have to do everything themselves and be the best at everything.With such managers collaboration and communication can suffer and, while they may be stars in their own right, the organization can suffer from the conflicts and snafus that will result. Similarly, in a strongly patriarchic culture, the father, feeling like he must be the all-knowing authority, may ignore the small child who hears the tire rumbling as it starts to go flat, and as a result miss the ferry due to a shredded tire and the time required to fix it.Organizations can become dysfunctional by promoting those who do extremely well. Some businesses promote engineers and designers who create great products to high level management ositions, and then some wonder why the organization does poorly. I have often noted that many engineers take this career direction because they don't like dealing with people, and would rather â€Å"stick their head in a machine† and make it work as nearly perfectly as possible than negotiate with other people.To take someone who, by their nature, hews to Jobs that avoid interaction with people and put them in a Job that requires excellent people skills is asking for trouble. They will not only be uncomfortable and unhappy, but they may not understand interpersonal and organizational behavior well, struggle, and not do a very good Job. At the same time, to go back to engineering would be a terrible demotion and pay cut, so they are stuck, often for decades, in a position for which they are only marginally suited.Many parents, like many executives, were never suited or well prepared for their roles. Similarly, many parents become that by accident, perhaps through lack of proper attention to contraception, or through social imperatives – older family members who lobby hard for grandchildren, for example. S ome parents had tough childhoods, for example, and never had the chance to witness good parenting as children, yet they ften find themselves responsible for a family with children and (perhaps) a spouse, and even elderly parents that need their care.In a society with little focus on or cultural knowledge around good parenting, they will be severely challenged to run a family effectively or avoid the mistakes that were perpetrated on them as children. Dysfunction tends to stick around and follow organizations and families. Thus, in creep in over time, and propagate forward from one generation or regime to the next. It is for this reason that sometimes a board of directors of a corporation will dismiss ot only a CEO but many of his reports as well, and bring in fresh management talent from outside the company to try to instill a new culture.While this is drastic and difficult in a business organization, it is even more difficult and disruptive to a family, and usually involves social service organizations and courts intervening in ways that may or may not produce better long term results for the family members. In both cases the situation must be extremely bad before such changes can be Justified, and a majority of such situations probably are never very well addressed.

Blood Collection Monitor

————————————————- Abstract: Blood Collection Monitor  is helpful for accurate blood collection; it’s a compact instrument to provide smooth and gentle rocking of homogenous mixing with anti coagulant ; i. e. without clot formation of blood cells during collection of blood from a donor. BLOOD COLLECTION PROCESS IS HAPPENING IN DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS. THE CHALLENGE TO PHLEBOTOMIST (One who draws blood for analysis or transfusion) IS TO MAKE EACH BLOOD COLLECTION PROCESS COMFORTABLE AND SAFE WITHOUT COMPROMISING QUALITY.BLOOD COLLECTION MONITOR COMES INTO ROLE HERE; IT IS SPECIALLY DESIGNED TO MAKE STANDARDIZED HIGH QUALITY BLOOD COLLECTION WITH REDUCED WORK LOAD OF PHLEBOTOMIST. BLOOD COLLECTION MONITOR ENSURES CORRECT VOLUME OF BLOOD COLLECTION WITH CONSTANT AGITATION FOR BETTER COMPONENT YIELD. SO, THE CORRECT VOLUME OF BLOOD COLLECTION AND MIXING OF THE BLOOD AND ANTICOGULANT GENTLY AND PERIODICALLY DURING COLLECTION OF BLOOD; CAN BE DONE BY BLOOD COLLECTION MONITOR. 1. ————————————————- Introduction: BLOOD COLLECTION MONITOR is an advanced device which is aimed to collect the blood prior to collection with use of latest technology in place of earlier, insufficient, conventional methods i. e. without accurate weight by using random movement. The main concept behind this project is use of mechanically provide rocking movement to blood and proper mixing with anticoagulants. Also restrict the blood flow from donor when particular limit is reached. I. e. 350ml or 450ml. This is done by load cell and by comparing signal activate the stopping clamp is activated.As, sensing range of load cell is in mill volts; directly the signal can be given as input to the circuit because it will provide insufficient output. So, it is required to be pro perly amplified. So, the block diagram is designed taking into account this matter. Then comparing it with reference signal which is decided by many experiments. It activates the clamp and stops the rocking movement of plate when weight in blood bag is presented. It is approximate to the actual design but more function of the instrument by extra features like flow detector, flow rate measurement etc.So, the component specifications may differ from the actual one. fig 1. blood bag fig 2. blood bag on plate of bcm 2. ————————————————- Requirement of project: As we all know that blood collection monitor is very helpful for collection of accurate blood, it’s a compact instrument that provide smooth and gentle rocking movement of homogeneous mixing with anti-coagulant, so in modern lifestyle most of the doctors prefer these types of instrument for collection of blood ver y accurately. Blood collection monitor is very helpful to donate blood. hat happen in past that there’s no such types of instruments were present so it is inaccurate random process for doctors to take blood from the donor and also sometimes improper mixing with anti coagulant lead to waste the valuable donated blood that process may not helpful to accurately blood collection. With the help of this modern instrument it is very easy for doctors to take the blood from the donor, and through this instrument may also required less effort. Collection of blood accurately and safely. 3. ————————————————- Generalized block diagram AND CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:BLOCK DIAGRAME OFComparator CIRCUIT 5-PIN RELAY DC MOTOR CLAMP MOMENT (OPEN/CLOSE) Blood Collection Monitor POWER SUPPLY AC MAINS INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT WEIGHT MEASUREMENT UNITS/LOAD CELL DC MOTOR rocking MOMENT OF TR AY BLOOD Donor/BLOOD BAG CIRCUIT DIAGRAME OF Blood Collection Monitor 5-PIN RELAY Each block in briefly†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1. Power supply to give DC supply to ICs and other devices. 2. Mechanical assembly to apply rocking movement of plate. 3. Load cell for blood bag weight measure. 4. Instrumentation amplifier for amplify the signal from load cell. 5. Comparator for obtaining stopping pulse to clamp. . 5-pin relay to connect supply to clamp when stop pulse is obtained. Modifications can be applied†¦ * ADC- Analog-to- Digital Converter, Microcontroller, and display of weight. * Alarm circuit to indicating stopping operations. 4. ————————————————- DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EACH BLOCK: 5. 1. POWER SUPPLY: This is the main block in any of the electronic as well as biomedical project. Its Main function is to provide electrical excitation. 5. 2. 1. COMPONENTS USED: * IC 7812, 79 12(+12V,-12 V) * IC 7805, 7905(+5V,-5V) * IC 7815, 7915(+15V,-15V) * diode for bridge rectifier (4) capacitors of 1000 micro farads, 50 volts (2) * capacitors of 0. 1 micro farads (2*4) * center tapped transformer 18-0-18 5. 2. 2. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: FIG 3. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF DC POWER SUPPLY (+/-5,+/-12,+/-15 V dc) 5. 2. 3. WORKING OF CIRCUIT: The working of this circuit is so simple . Mains supply is given to the 12-0-12 center-tapped transformer. Output of secondary winding is given to the bridge rectifier IC . Then to get peak-to-peak output voltage signal, capacitors are used. In lab-application, variable power supplies are preferred. 4. 2. ROCKING movement of plate and weight sensor:Whole assembly made such that one side of plate is joined with DC motor and U shaped bended rod which can able to push and pull plate from one side as plate is fixed with assembly from center power to DC motor lead rocking or sea show type movement which we want. It is most important part of instrument as mixing blood with anticoagulant properly. Fig 5. DC motor shaft connected to assembly. Fig 4. assembly to provide rocking movement. Sensing weight of blood bag during donating the blood it is most important task as on this basis measuring, displaying, and further stopping of blood flow mechanism works.To measure the blood weight we used load cell as a sensor. In load cell according to change in weight input output in mill volt also changes by using this basic principle weight sensing is done. Load cell has in built bridge balancing circuit with weight sensor. Fig 8. Cantilever beam connection. Fig 7. load cell. Fig 6. Internal circuit of load cell. Fig 9. Original data sheet by Rudra sensors. According to data sheet input 8-12dc volt given to cell and output in changes in millivoltags. Below is data sheet of load cell. 4. 2. 1. COMPONENTS USED: * 12 volt DC motor Wooden and iron assembly * Plate * 12 volt dc supply 4. 3. INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER: This block provides sensor outp ut signal the sufficient amplification so as to drive further circuits properly and without loading. Generally 3 Op-Amp instrumentation amplifiers are employed in biomedical projects. As load cell senses in range of mill volts, we have to amplify it in of 1000 gain. Instrumentation amplifiers are actually made up of 2 parts: a buffered amplifier OP1, OP2 and a basic differential amplifier OP3. The differential amplifier part is often essential when measuring sensors.Because a sensor produces a signal between its terminals. The buffered amplifier OP1 and OP2 not only provides gain, but prevents the sensor resistance from affecting the resistors in the op amp circuit, and vice-versa! The gain can be calculated by: Where; R1=R3 and R5/R4 = R7/R6. (R5=RF). * Gain calculations: Gain (A) = (1+ (2*(R1/R2))*(RF/R4) Taking A=1000 & diving 1000 as 500*2, 1+2R1/R2=2 2R1/R2=1 2R1=R2 Taking R2=2K, R1 =1K. Now, RF/R4=500K R4=1K, RF=500K =1MOhm || 1MOhm = (1000000*1000000)/ (1000000+1000000) =500 K. 4. 3. 1. COMPONENTS USED: * IC OP07(3) Resistors of 1K (4 no’s) * Resistors of 2K (2 no’s) * Resistors of 1Mohm (2 no’s) * Power supply of 12 Vdc 4. 3. 2. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: FIG. 10 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER 4. 3. 3. WORKING OF CIRCUIT: The instrumentation amp offers two useful functions: amplify the difference between inputs and reject the signal that’s common to the inputs. The latter is called Common Mode Rejection (CMR). OP1 and OP2 are the two input amp’s and connected in the non-inverting follower configuration. It is the solution for the high gain and high input impedance.Note: This is of high gain circuit so before soldering it on GPB, connectivity check of all the components as per circuit diagram twice on bread-board is advisable. There may chances of unpredictable o/p due to IC saturation. 4. 4. COMPERATOR: It compares the input signal with reference signal. When input exceed from reference signal it gives positive sa turation and negative saturation when less than reference signal. We are using 1 volt as a reference , as from experiment we get 1 volt output from instrument amplifier through load cell under 350ml blood beg. 4. 4. 1. Components used: 1 operational amplifier Op07 * Resistor 10k (3 no’s) * Protecting diodes (2 no’s) 4. 4. 2. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: FIG 11. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF COMPERATOR BY USING IC OP07 4. 5 relay: Fig. 12 Basic relay construction A  relay  is an  electrically  operated  switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal.Here in our applications operation is must switched from rocking movement to clamp operation. (As comparator detects particular weight i n plate rocking movements stops and clamp activated. ) Fig13. Pin diagram of 5pin relay 4. 5. 1. COMPONENT USED: * 5 PIN simple relay 4. 6. Stopping clamp: IV set passing from clamp that restrict the blood flow from donor. Fig 14. Clamp for restrict the blood flow When comparator generates stopping pulse from 5 pin relay it gives supply to DC motor and on its shaft rotation thread connected with clamp is going to pull and clamp is closed. Indicate that blood collection is completed.Also disconnect supply from DC motor that leads stop rocking movement. Fig 15. In our project IV set passing through clamp. In real instrument this type mechanism done by clamp type electromagnet as shown in figure. That pulsed by controller and as magnet generate the clamp force fully attract and it restrict the further blood flow from donor. 4. 6. 1. COMPONENTS FOR CLAMP MECHANISM: 12volt dc motor Plastic clip, Thread, Rubber bend 5. ————————â€⠀Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- Application of project: The application of blood collection monitor is very widely used in blood bank and also in hospitals.Now a day’s almost all hospital’s doctor prefer these instrument for accurate collection of blood. Through this instrument we can easily collect the blood of donor and this instrument is also helpful in mixing the blood with anticoagulant so blood does not clot and also to collect the accurate amount of blood. Also indicate flow rate from donor to bag and error in flow rate whether any obstruction in donor vein in any case. Doctors and blood bank technicians prefer this instrument for the accurate collection of blood so we can say that its main application is in medical field and in hospitals. 6. ———————————————— Limitation: Blood collection monitor is a useful instrument for do ctors and so accurate for collection of blood so we found no any limitation in blood collection monitor right now. But ours is designed for only 350ml blood collecting, as well as it has no any current weight display, flow indications. Ours angular rocking movement is slightly large and jerky. 7. ————————————————- FUTURE EXPANSIONS: * In future this instrument will be facilities with more necessary parameters like flow rate, blood temp. Detector etc. Though motor used to rotate the plate not generating much noise but it will be removed in future. * Now a day’s BCM is single unit but in future it may facilities with some storage space of bag. (that will be more useful in mobile blood bank) * In future whole assembly make by fiber that’s making instrument lighter than present model. 8. —————————â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- CONCLUSION: For Blood collection monitor we can say that it is useful instrument for collection of blood accurately for doctors and safe for donors. And that’s why it’s being more commonly used in most hospitals now a day.From my side I conclude that to design a single unit of instrument is not possible without fundamental knowledge of electronics, controlling, basic of simple principles and last but not the least patience and faith in my work and strength. I also mention that repetitive work on any circuit remove basic doughty and also working problem. My project also teaches me the technical thoughts, human relationship. 9. ————————————————- References: * Books/manual/ Catalog:- * Manual of blood collection monitor of bioastate pvt. Ltd. * Catalog of Rajas enterprise ltd. * SEARCH ENGINES:- www. google. com * OTHER SITES:- * Google images blood collection monitor. * www. biomedprogects. com * Visited blood bank/industrial estate:- * Guideline of Apollo hospital blood bank. * Rudra sensors Ahmadabad. 10. ————————————————- cost of project: Item| Description| Quantity| Total| Electronics components| ResistorsCapacitorsVoltage regulator IC, OP-07| 15156, 4| ` 150/-| Load cell| -| 1| ` 950/-| Assembly| Wooden and iron shaft mechanism| -| ` 240/-| Others supporting| GPB, core, connecting leads| 4| ` 20/-| | | | TOTAL AMOUNT: ` 1,360/-| — Thank you —

Narrow road leads to life essays

Narrow road leads to life essays All humans have once dreamed of becoming a hero and living a heroic life in the paradise they establish. Why do these heroes struggle and suffer on the troubled path with many hardships instead of doing something easily on a simple and plain path? Because in order to reach the heroic life, they must first learn to purge a few of their negative qualities. The heroes in Homer ¡Ã‚ ¯s Iliad and The Mission by Roland Joffe share similarities in their heroism and in their process of becoming established as a hero. In the Iliad, Achilles is a strong warrior who has ability to cope single-handedly with an infinite army of enemies; he values pride, honor, glory, and fame very highly. As his king Agamemnon takes Achilles ¡Ã‚ ¯ war prize Briseis away, Achilles develops a wrath and decides not to help the king with advice or action in the war, for he feels that Agamemnon  ¡Ã‚ °has wholly deceived and beguiled [him] ¡(109). Briseis is not the reason for Achilles ¡Ã‚ ¯ ate, blindness; the feeling of disgrace and the insult to his pride, which torments his heart, is the true cause of his ate. Similar to Achilles, Rodrigo Mendoza in The Mission goes through the experience of his mistress leaving him for his brother. In a rush of anger, shame, dishonor, and jealousy, he loses his temper and commits an action that he will regret for rest of his life, killing his own brother. These two men are blinded by their wrath and hubris, unable to look beyond and seek the true definition of being a hero an d unable to live a glorious life. Clouded by ignorance, selfishness, and individualism, Achilles makes a mistake by sending his close friend Patroclos to the battlefield with his armor instead of him. He still does not see that if others suffer, then he will also suffer. When Achilles receives the bad news that Patroclos has died,  ¡Ã‚ °he [sweeps] up the dust with both hands, and [pours] it over his head and [smirches] his handsome face, till the black dirt...

Every Great Gatsby Character You Have to Know Complete List

Every Great Gatsby Character You Have to Know Complete List SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips This articleprovides a broad overview of all ofThe Great Gatsbycharacters, their relationships and connections, and any major issues and questions surrounding them. Throughout the guide, you will find links to each character’s page, as well as links to our character analysis, compare/contrast, and quotes pages. Use this page as your jumping-off point for discovering The Great Gatsby’s major and minor players! The Great GatsbyMainCharacters Click on each character's name for a detail-rich article featuring descriptions, quotes, and character analysis - including some answers to the discussion questions listed for each character! Jay Gatsby The titular â€Å"Great Gatsby,† a selfmademan who is desparate to be seen as part of the social elite andwhose ill-gotten wealth is always on display through his lavish lifestyle. Heis convinced that he can "repeat the past" andwin back the love of his life, Daisy Fay Buchanan. Relationships with Other Characters Meets Nick and Jordan at one of his parties and becomes particularly close to Nick DatedDaisy five years before the start of the novel;has an affair with her during the novel Rivals with Tom for Daisy's love In the car with Daisy when Daisy runs Myrtleover Killed byGeorge Major Issues, Theories, and Questions Why is Gatsby so intent on reliving the past? What makes Gatsby so â€Å"great,† anyway? What does Gatsby’s infatuation with Daisy represent? Is Gatsby a tragic hero? How would the novel be different if Gatsby actually won over Daisy? Would it be as powerful? Modern theories: Gatsby is black but passing as white, or Gatsby is Jewish but hiding it. How dothese theories change a traditional reading of the novel? Nick Carraway The first-person narrator, an observant Yale graduate who moves from the Midwest to NYC to be a bond salesman and quickly falls in with Tom, Daisy, Jordan, and Jay. He ends the novel completely disenchanted with the old money elite, who turn out to be horrible people. Relationships with Other Characters Friends with Tom Buchanan from college A second cousin of Daisy’s Jordan’s boyfriend during the book, though they break up near the end Meets Myrtle and George through Tom Meets Gatsby due to moving in next to him and being invited to one of Gatsby’s parties Major Issues, Theories, and Questions Is Nick a reliable narrator? Why or why not? How does Nickchange throughout the novel? Why does Nick come to admire Gatsby so much? Modern theory: Nick is gay. If he is, how does this affect our analysis of the novel? Daisy Buchanan A passive and increasingly unhappywoman married to Tom Buchanan. She was once in love with Gatsby, and reconnects with him as a way to escape her sense of purposelessness and hopelessnes. Relationships with Other Characters Second cousin to Nick DatedGatsby five years before the novel opens; has an affair with Gatsby In an unhappy, but stable, marriage to Tom Friends with Jordan from childhood Kills Myrtle in a hit and run car accident Major Issues, Theories, and Questions Does Daisy really love Gatsby? What does Daisy stand for in the novel? (Wealth, unrequited love, the American Dream†¦) Why is Daisy’s voice described as being â€Å"full of money†? How much do we actually know about Daisy as a character? Where in the novel do we get glimpses of her emotions and motivations? Is Daisy a flapper? How is she affected by the societal expectations of women in the 1920s? Recent discussion: why is Daisy so frequently despised by modern readers? Does that harsh criticism reveal misogyny on the part of the readers/critics of Gatsby? Tom Buchanan A wealthy old classmate of Nick’s, who is married to Daisy and is cheating on herwith Myrtle Wilson. He uses his physical and social power to bully those around him, but is the only one who sees through Gatsby's fake "Oxford man" persona. Relationships with Other Characters KnowsNick from their days at Yale Married to Daisy Friends with Jordan through Daisy Rival to Gatsby Patronizes George Wilson’s garage Having an affair with Myrtle Major Issues, Theories, and Questions Tom and Daisy arepeople â€Å"who smash things up and retreat into their money†: what does Tom and Daisy’s characterization reveal about Fitzgerald’s portrayal of old money? Jordan Baker A professional golf player and friend of Daisy’s who dates Nick during the novel. Jordan is calm, cynical, and self-centered - qualities which at first attrack Nick to her, and then repel him when he realizes the extent of her cold selfishness. Relationships with Other Characters Friends with Daisy from childhood Friends with Tom through Daisy MeetsGatsby during one ofhis parties; arranges for Gatsby to meet Nick and thus reconnects Gatsbyto Daisy DatesNick Major Issues, Theories, and Questions What’s Jordan'srole in the story? How would the novel be different without her? What does the section in Chapter 4 featuring Jordan’s narration reveal about the limitations of Nick as a narrator? What would the novel be like if it was narrated by Jordan? Myrtle Wilson A woman who is dissatisfied with her working class life as a car mechanic’s wife. She is having an affair with Tom partly because it allows her to experience some degree of freedom from her marriage and to indulge her materialist desires. Relationships with Other Characters Married to George Having an affair with Tom Run over and killed by Daisy Major Issues, Theories, and Questions What does Myrtle’s life and tragic ending say about the American Dream? Why do Tom and Myrtle get together? What do they see in each other, and how does their relationship reveal each character’s motivations? What does the novel's focus on Myrtle’s body say about itstreatment of women? George Wilson A depressed and weak-willed man who runs a car garage. He loves his wife, Myrtle, and has no idea that she is having an affair. Myrtle's death completely unhinges him. Relationships with Other Characters Married to Myrtle Trying to buy Tom's car for resale Meets Nick through Tom Kills Gatsby in revenge for Myrtle's death, then kills himself Major Issues, Theories, and Questions What does George’s tragic outcome reveal about the status of The American Dream? Why is George the only person who seriously mentions God during the novel? What is the significance ofthe eyes of Doctor T.J. Eckleburgto him? The Great GatsbyMinorCharacters Below, I've listed all ofthe second-string Great Gatsbycharacters: people who appear in the novel, but aren't integral to the plot. They're grouped according to which of the main characters they're mostly closely associated with. Associatesof Gatsby Dan Cody - a millionaire who befriendedJames Gatz, hired him to work on his yacht, and taught him how to be Jay Gatsby. Cody tried to leave Gatsby his fortune, but Cody's wife managed to claim the inheritance. Ewing Klipspringer - one of Gatsby's party guests who ends up living in Gatsby's mansion full-time. He is forced to play piano to entertain Daisy when she and Gatsby reconnect. After Gatsby's death, Klipspringer refuses to come to the funeral, calling Gatsby's house only to collect his tennis shoes. Owl Eyes - another of Gatsby's party guests who wears glasses that look like owl eyes. He is floored by the expansive and expensively furnished library in Gatsby's mansion, and by the fact that none of the books has been read. Owl Eyes is the only party guest who attends Gatsby's funeral. Meyer Wolfshiem - a gangster who fixed the 1919 World Series, gave Gatsby a job at the end of WWI, and became Gatsby's business partner and the source of his immense wealth. Wolfshiem's loyalty ends with Gatsby's death, and also refuses to come to the funeral. Henry C. Gatz - Gatsby's father, a shabby and poor man who is in awe of his son's accomplishments. He comes to Gatsby's funeral after reading about his death in the newspaper, and shows Nick a self-improvement schedule that Gatsby had written as a boy. FriendsofGeorge and Myrtle Catherine - Myrtle's sister and one of the guests of the party Tom and Myrtle host in a Manhattan apartment. She roots for Tom to leave Daisy so he and Myrtle can be together forever; later, she gives evidence that Myrtle has never had an affair, so that the police report about the car accident that killed Myrtle leaves the Buchanans out altogether. Michaelis - the owner of a coffee shop near George Wilson's gas station who overhears Myrtle and George fighting just before her death, and who has a conversation with an increasingly unhinged George about the fact that the billboard of the eyes of Doctor T.J. Eckleburg isn't God. Mr. and Mrs. McKee - two of Tom and Myrtle's apartment party guests who kowtow to her. Theories of Nick's homosexuality hinge on the strange, incomplete piece of the after-party narration where it sounds like Nick and Mr. McKee went home together. Friends and Family of Daisy and Tom Pammy Buchanan - the toddler daughter of Daisy and Tom Buchanan, who is mostly raised by a nanny, according to upper-class custom. Because she serves as visual proof that Daisy has had a life outside of Gatsby, Gatsby finds her presence extremely unnerving. Sloane and his woman friend - two of Tom's rich horseback-riding friends who stop by Gatsby's house, presume on his hospitality and are rude in return. What’s Next? Want to write a great essay on one of these characters? We've got tips and writing advice for how to knock yourcharacter analysis essayout of the park! Need help comparing and contrasting these characters? Check out our articles on how to write a compare and contrast analysis of the most common character pairings, and ondissecting the romantic pairings in the novel. Interested in seeing how these characters intesect with the novel's themes and symbols? Check out our in-depth guides! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Information Processing Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Information Processing Theory - Essay Example It became vogue in the 1950s when high-speed computers started developing. (Information-Processing Theory, n.d. a) This paper shall try to give a broad overview of Information Processing Theory. But with thousands or perhaps millions of researches, books, and articles published, anyone wishing to find complete information would realize that what this paper has provided is only the tip of the iceberg. There are different but similar forms of information processing theories. Nevertheless, they originated from the works of cognitive psychology, primarily through the works of David Rumelhart & James McClelland and their Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) (History of Cognitive Psychology, 1997) Their PDP model has the following components, and it can be seen later how this fits very well into the Modern Information Processing Theory: (Rumelhart, Hinton, and McClelland, 1986) As stated earlier, information processing theories developed because in the 1950s computers came under increased development. Researchers like Herbert Simoun at that time really thought and properly demonstrated that human intelligence can be simulated using computers. From this, various models of information processing theory have been proposed, primarily in the work on memory (Information-processing theory, n.d. b). â€Å"This theory identifies three important concepts: information processing needs, information processing capability, and the fit between the two to obtain optimal performance. Organizations need quality information to cope with environmental uncertainty and improve their decision making. Environmental uncertainty stems from the complexity of the environment and dynamism, or the frequency of changes to various environmental variables.† (Premkumar, G., Ramamurthy, K., & Saunders, C. S., 2005). Apparently, this has also developed from the original information processing theories. However, this is applied to